CVE-2025-39949

// CVE-2025-39949 PoC - Trigger qed protection override GRC dump buffer overflow // This PoC demonstrates how to trigger the vulnerability by forcing a firmware // fatal error report that invokes the protection override dump path with // excessive GRC elements. #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <fcntl.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <sys/ioctl.h> #include <errno.h> // Simulated malicious firmware response structure struct qed_dbg_protection_override_params { void *dump_buf; size_t buf_size; unsigned int num_grc_elements; void *grc_elements; }; /* * Trigger the vulnerability by sending an excessive number of GRC elements * to the qed protection override dump path. * * In a real scenario, this would involve: * 1. Loading the qed kernel module * 2. Triggering a firmware fatal error condition * 3. The firmware returns more GRC elements than the pre-allocated buffer can hold * 4. qed_grc_dump_addr_range writes past the buffer boundary -> kernel panic */ int trigger_protection_override_overflow(void) { struct qed_dbg_protection_override_params params; // Allocate a small buffer (simulating kmalloc'd dump_buf) params.buf_size = 4096; // Small pre-allocated buffer params.dump_buf = malloc(params.buf_size); if (!params.dump_buf) { perror("malloc failed"); return -1; } // Simulate firmware returning far more elements than buf_size can hold // This is the root cause of the vulnerability params.num_grc_elements = 65536; // Exceeds buffer capacity // In the vulnerable code path (qed_grc_dump_addr_range): // for (i = 0; i < params.num_grc_elements; i++) { // write_to_buf(params.dump_buf + offset, element[i]); // OOB write! // } printf("Triggering protection override dump with %u elements " "into %zu byte buffer\n", params.num_grc_elements, params.buf_size); printf("This would cause kernel panic: BUG: unable to handle " "kernel paging request\n"); free(params.dump_buf); return 0; } int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { printf("CVE-2025-39949 PoC - qed Protection Override GRC Dump Overflow\n"); printf("Affected: Linux kernel qed/qede/qedf drivers\n"); printf("Impact: Local denial of service via kernel panic\n\n"); trigger_protection_override_overflow(); printf("\nNote: Actual exploitation requires triggering a firmware\n"); printf("fatal error on a system with qed-based hardware (e.g.,\n"); printf("QLogic/Marvell FastLinQ adapters).\n"); return 0; }

{"cve": {"id": "CVE-2025-39949", "sourceIdentifier": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "published": "2025-10-04T08:15:48.120", "lastModified": "2026-03-25T00:36:02.617", "vulnStatus": "Analyzed", "cveTags": [], "descriptions": [{"lang": "en", "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nqed: Don't collect too many protection override GRC elements\n\nIn the protection override dump path, the firmware can return far too\nmany GRC elements, resulting in attempting to write past the end of the\npreviously-kmalloc'ed dump buffer.\n\nThis will result in a kernel panic with reason:\n\n BUG: unable to handle kernel paging request at ADDRESS\n\nwhere \"ADDRESS\" is just past the end of the protection override dump\nbuffer. The start address of the buffer is:\n p_hwfn->cdev->dbg_features[DBG_FEATURE_PROTECTION_OVERRIDE].dump_buf\nand the size of the buffer is buf_size in the same data structure.\n\nThe panic can be arrived at from either the qede Ethernet driver path:\n\n [exception RIP: qed_grc_dump_addr_range+0x108]\n qed_protection_override_dump at ffffffffc02662ed [qed]\n qed_dbg_protection_override_dump at ffffffffc0267792 [qed]\n qed_dbg_feature at ffffffffc026aa8f [qed]\n qed_dbg_all_data at ffffffffc026b211 [qed]\n qed_fw_fatal_reporter_dump at ffffffffc027298a [qed]\n devlink_health_do_dump at ffffffff82497f61\n devlink_health_report at ffffffff8249cf29\n qed_report_fatal_error at ffffffffc0272baf [qed]\n qede_sp_task at ffffffffc045ed32 [qede]\n process_one_work at ffffffff81d19783\n\nor the qedf storage driver path:\n\n [exception RIP: qed_grc_dump_addr_range+0x108]\n qed_protection_override_dump at ffffffffc068b2ed [qed]\n qed_dbg_protection_override_dump at ffffffffc068c792 [qed]\n qed_dbg_feature at ffffffffc068fa8f [qed]\n qed_dbg_all_data at ffffffffc0690211 [qed]\n qed_fw_fatal_reporter_dump at ffffffffc069798a [qed]\n devlink_health_do_dump at ffffffff8aa95e51\n devlink_health_report at ffffffff8aa9ae19\n qed_report_fatal_error at ffffffffc0697baf [qed]\n qed_hw_err_notify at ffffffffc06d32d7 [qed]\n qed_spq_post at ffffffffc06b1011 [qed]\n qed_fcoe_destroy_conn at ffffffffc06b2e91 [qed]\n qedf_cleanup_fcport at ffffffffc05e7597 [qedf]\n qedf_rport_event_handler at ffffffffc05e7bf7 [qedf]\n fc_rport_work at ffffffffc02da715 [libfc]\n process_one_work at ffffffff8a319663\n\nResolve this by clamping the firmware's return value to the maximum\nnumber of legal elements the firmware should return."}], "metrics": {"cvssMetricV31": [{"source": "[email protected]", "type": "Primary", "cvssData": {"version": "3.1", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H", "baseScore": 5.5, "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM", "attackVector": "LOCAL", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "userInteraction": "NONE", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "confidentialityImpact": "NONE", "integrityImpact": "NONE", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH"}, "exploitabilityScore": 1.8, "impactScore": 3.6}]}, "weaknesses": [{"source": "[email protected]", "type": "Primary", "description": [{"lang": "en", "value": "NVD-CWE-noinfo"}]}], "configurations": [{"nodes": [{"operator": "OR", "negate": false, "cpeMatch": [{"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "4.18", "versionEndExcluding": "5.10.245", "matchCriteriaId": "3DA1F31D-AAEA-4546-B3EA-9BB5D4BAB7F8"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "5.11", "versionEndExcluding": "5.15.194", "matchCriteriaId": "CF862263-DC8D-4324-A52A-DA1D7880B35A"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "5.16", "versionEndExcluding": "6.1.154", "matchCriteriaId": "E49CD91E-FC55-45B0-BB63-9AD5F5D70CAA"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "6.2", "versionEndExcluding": "6.6.108", "matchCriteriaId": "A7E8EAEE-7731-4996-9578-696255D61EA2"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "6.7", "versionEndExcluding": "6.12.49", "matchCriteriaId": "CAA033E9-A2C5-4976-A83E-9804D8FB827F"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "6.13", "versionEndExcluding": "6.16.9", "matchCriteriaId": "638DD910-1189-4F5E-98BF-2D436B695112"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.17:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*", "matchCriteriaId": "327D22EF-390B-454C-BD31-2ED23C998A1C"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.17:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*", "matchCriteriaId": "C730CD9A-D969-4A8E-9522-162AAF7C0EE9"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.17:rc3:*:*:*:*:*:*", "matchCriteriaId": "39982C4B-716E-4B2F-8196-FA301F47807D"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.17:rc4:*:*:*:*:*:*", "matchCriteriaId": "340BEEA9-D70D-4290-B502- ... 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